StringMacros.cc

#include "otsdaq/Macros/StringMacros.h"
 
#include <sched.h>    // for sched_getaffinity
#include <algorithm>  // for find_if
#include <array>
#include <cstdint>  // for uintptr_t
 
using namespace ots;
 
std::map<std::string /* system variable */,
         std::map<std::string /* property */, std::string /* value */>>
                  StringMacros::systemVariables_;
const std::string StringMacros::TBD = "To-be-defined";
 
//==============================================================================
unsigned int StringMacros::getConcurrencyCount(void)
{
    try
    {
        return std::stoul(systemVariables_.at("System").at("logicalCores"));
    }
    catch(...)
    {
    }
    cpu_set_t    mask;
    unsigned int hw = 0;
    if(sched_getaffinity(0, sizeof(mask), &mask) == 0)
        hw = CPU_COUNT(&mask);
    systemVariables_["System"]["logicalCores"] = std::to_string(hw);
    return hw;
}  //end getConcurrencyCount()
 
#define TLVL_EscapeString 30  // = TLVL_DEBUG + 30
#define TLVL_EnvMath 49       // = TLVL_DEBUG + 49
#define TLVL_EnvSub 50        // = TLVL_DEBUG + 50
 
//==============================================================================
bool StringMacros::wildCardMatch(const std::string& needle,
                                 const std::string& haystack,
                                 unsigned int*      priorityIndex)
try
{
    __COUTT__ << "\t\t wildCardMatch: " << needle << " =in= " << haystack << " ??? "
              << std::endl;
 
    // empty needle
    if(needle.size() == 0)
    {
        if(priorityIndex)
            *priorityIndex = 1;  // consider an exact match, to stop higher level loops
        return true;             // if empty needle, always "found"
    }
 
    // only wildcard
    if(needle == "*")
    {
        if(priorityIndex)
            *priorityIndex = 5;  // only wildcard, is lowest priority
        return true;             // if empty needle, always "found"
    }
 
    // no wildcards
    if(needle == haystack)
    {
        if(priorityIndex)
            *priorityIndex = 1;  // an exact match
        return true;
    }
 
    const bool hasWildcard = (needle.find('*') != std::string::npos);
    if(!hasWildcard)
    {
        if(priorityIndex)
            *priorityIndex = 0;  // no wildcard and not exact => no match
        return false;
    }
 
    // trailing wildcard
    if(needle[needle.size() - 1] == '*' &&
       needle.substr(0, needle.size() - 1) == haystack.substr(0, needle.size() - 1))
    {
        if(priorityIndex)
            *priorityIndex = 2;  // trailing wildcard match
        return true;
    }
 
    // leading wildcard
    if(needle[0] == '*' &&
       needle.substr(1) == haystack.substr(haystack.size() - (needle.size() - 1)))
    {
        if(priorityIndex)
            *priorityIndex = 3;  // leading wildcard match
        return true;
    }
 
    // generic wildcard matching with '*' anywhere in needle
    // '*' matches any sequence (including empty)
    std::size_t patternPos      = 0;
    std::size_t textPos         = 0;
    std::size_t lastStarPattern = std::string::npos;
    std::size_t lastStarTextPos = std::string::npos;
    while(textPos < haystack.size())
    {
        if(patternPos < needle.size() && needle[patternPos] == haystack[textPos])
        {
            ++patternPos;
            ++textPos;
        }
        else if(patternPos < needle.size() && needle[patternPos] == '*')
        {
            lastStarPattern = patternPos++;
            lastStarTextPos = textPos;
        }
        else if(lastStarPattern != std::string::npos)
        {
            patternPos = lastStarPattern + 1;
            textPos    = ++lastStarTextPos;
        }
        else
        {
            if(priorityIndex)
                *priorityIndex = 0;  // no match
            return false;
        }
    }
 
    while(patternPos < needle.size() && needle[patternPos] == '*')
        ++patternPos;
 
    if(patternPos == needle.size())
    {
        if(priorityIndex)
            *priorityIndex = 4;  // wildcard match
        return true;
    }
 
    // else no match
    if(priorityIndex)
        *priorityIndex = 0;  // no match
    return false;
}  //end wildCardMatch()
catch(...)
{
    if(priorityIndex)
        *priorityIndex = 0;  // no match
    return false;            // if out of range
}  //end wildCardMatch() catch
 
//==============================================================================
bool StringMacros::inWildCardSet(const std::string&           needle,
                                 const std::set<std::string>& haystack)
{
    for(const auto& haystackString : haystack)
    {
        // use wildcard match, flip needle parameter.. because we want haystack to have the wildcards
        if(haystackString.size() && haystackString[0] == '!')
        {
            //treat as inverted
            if(!StringMacros::wildCardMatch(haystackString.substr(1), needle))
                return true;
        }
        else if(StringMacros::wildCardMatch(haystackString, needle))
            return true;
    }
    return false;
}
 
//==============================================================================
std::string StringMacros::decodeURIComponent(const std::string& data)
{
    std::string  decodeURIString(data.size(), 0);  // init to same size
    unsigned int j = 0;
    for(unsigned int i = 0; i < data.size(); ++i, ++j)
    {
        if(data[i] == '%')
        {
            // high order hex nibble digit
            if(data[i + 1] > '9')  // then ABCDEF
                decodeURIString[j] += (data[i + 1] - 55) * 16;
            else
                decodeURIString[j] += (data[i + 1] - 48) * 16;
 
            // low order hex nibble digit
            if(data[i + 2] > '9')  // then ABCDEF
                decodeURIString[j] += (data[i + 2] - 55);
            else
                decodeURIString[j] += (data[i + 2] - 48);
 
            i += 2;  // skip to next char
        }
        else
            decodeURIString[j] = data[i];
    }
    decodeURIString.resize(j);
    return decodeURIString;
}  // end decodeURIComponent()
 
//==============================================================================
std::string StringMacros::encodeURIComponent(const std::string& sourceStr)
{
    std::string retStr = "";
    char        encodeStr[4];
    for(const auto& c : sourceStr)
        if((c >= 'a' && c <= 'z') || (c >= 'A' && c <= 'Z') || (c >= '0' && c <= '9'))
            retStr += c;
        else
        {
            sprintf(encodeStr, "%%%2.2X", (uint8_t)c);
            retStr += encodeStr;
        }
    return retStr;
}  // end encodeURIComponent()
 
//==============================================================================
void StringMacros::sanitizeForSQL(std::string& str)
{
    std::map<char, std::string> replacements = {
        {'\'', "''"},   // Single quote becomes two single quotes
        {'\\', "\\\\"}  //,  // Backslash becomes double backslash
        // {';', "\\;"},    // Semicolon can be escaped (optional)
        // {'-', "\\-"},    // Dash for comments (optional, context-specific)
    };
 
    size_t pos = 0;
    while(pos < str.size())
    {
        auto it = replacements.find(str[pos]);
        if(it != replacements.end())
        {
            str.replace(pos, 1, it->second);
            pos += it->second.size();  // Advance past the replacement
        }
        else
        {
            ++pos;
        }
    }
}  //end sanitizeForSQL
 
//==============================================================================
std::string StringMacros::escapeString(std::string inString,
                                       bool        allowWhiteSpace /* = false */,
                                       bool        forHtml /* = false */)
{
    unsigned int ws = -1;
    char         htmlTmp[10];
 
    __COUTVS__(TLVL_EscapeString, allowWhiteSpace);
    __COUTVS__(TLVL_EscapeString, forHtml);
 
    for(unsigned int i = 0; i < inString.length(); i++)
        if(inString[i] != ' ')
        {
            __COUTS__(TLVL_EscapeString)
                << i << ". " << inString[i] << ":" << (int)inString[i] << std::endl;
 
            // remove new lines and unprintable characters
            if(inString[i] == '\r' || inString[i] == '\n' ||  // remove new line chars
               inString[i] == '\t' ||                         // remove tabs
               inString[i] < 32 ||  // remove un-printable characters (they mess up xml
                                    // interpretation)
               (inString[i] > char(126) &&
                inString[i] < char(161)))  // this is aggravated by the bug in
                                           // MFextensions (though Eric says he fixed on
                                           // 8/24/2016)  Note: greater than 255 should be
                                           // impossible if by byte (but there are html
                                           // chracters in 300s and 8000s)
            {
                //handle UTF-8 encoded characters
                if(i + 2 < inString.size() && inString[i] == char(0xE2) &&
                   inString[i + 1] == char(0x80) &&
                   inString[i + 2] ==
                       char(0x93))  // longer dash endash is 3-bytes 0xE2 0x80 0x93
                {
                    //encode "--" as &#8211;
                    inString.insert(i,
                                    "&#82");  // insert HTML name before special character
                    inString.replace(
                        i + 4, 1, 1, '1');  // replace special character-0 with s
                    inString.replace(
                        i + 5, 1, 1, '1');  // replace special character-1 with h
                    inString.replace(
                        i + 6, 1, 1, ';');  // replace special character-2 with ;
                    i += 7;                 // skip to next char to check
                    ws = i;                 // last non white space char
                    --i;
                    continue;
                }
 
                if(inString[i] == '\n')  // maintain new lines and tabs
                {
                    if(allowWhiteSpace)
                    {
                        sprintf(htmlTmp, "&#%3.3d", inString[i]);
                        inString.insert(
                            i, std::string(htmlTmp));  // insert html str sequence
                        inString.replace(
                            i + 5, 1, 1, ';');  // replace special character with ;
                        i += 6;                 // skip to next char to check
                        --i;
                    }
                    else  // translate to ' '
                        inString[i] = ' ';
                }
                else if(inString[i] == '\t')  // maintain new lines and tabs
                {
                    if(allowWhiteSpace)
                    {
                        if(0)
                        {
                            // tab = 8 spaces
                            sprintf(htmlTmp,
                                    "&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160");
                            inString.insert(
                                i, std::string(htmlTmp));  // insert html str sequence
                            inString.replace(
                                i + 47, 1, 1, ';');  // replace special character with ;
                            i += 48;                 // skip to next char to check
                            --i;
                        }
                        else  // tab =  0x09
                        {
                            sprintf(htmlTmp, "&#009");
                            inString.insert(
                                i, std::string(htmlTmp));  // insert html str sequence
                            inString.replace(
                                i + 5, 1, 1, ';');  // replace special character with ;
                            i += 6;                 // skip to next char to check
                            --i;
                        }
                    }
                    else  // translate to ' '
                        inString[i] = ' ';
                }
                else
                {
                    inString.erase(i, 1);  // erase character
                    --i;                   // step back so next char to check is correct
                }
                __COUTS__(31) << inString << std::endl;
                continue;
            }
 
            __COUTS__(31) << inString << std::endl;
 
            // replace special characters
            if(inString[i] == '\"' || inString[i] == '\'')
            {
                //check for extra escaping of the quotes
                // a quote is escaped only when preceded by an odd number of backslashes
                {
                    unsigned int backslashCount = 0;
                    for(unsigned int j = i; j > 0 && inString[j - 1] == '\\'; --j)
                        ++backslashCount;
 
                    if(backslashCount % 2 == 1)
                    {
                        //then this is an escaped quote, so remove the escape character and skip
                        inString.erase(i - 1, 1);  // erase escape character
                        --i;  // step back so next char to check is correct
                    }
                }
 
                inString.insert(i,
                                (inString[i] == '\'')
                                    ? "&apos"
                                    : "&quot");      // insert HTML name before quotes
                inString.replace(i + 5, 1, 1, ';');  // replace special character with ;
                i += 5;                              // skip to next char to check
                                                     //__COUT__ <<  inString << std::endl;
            }
            else if(inString[i] == '&')
            {
                inString.insert(i, "&amp");  // insert HTML name before special character
                inString.replace(i + 4, 1, 1, ';');  // replace special character with ;
                i += 4;                              // skip to next char to check
            }
            else if(inString[i] == '<' || inString[i] == '>')
            {
                if(!forHtml)
                {
                    inString.insert(
                        i,
                        (inString[i] == '<')
                            ? "&lt"
                            : "&gt");  // insert HTML name before special character
                    inString.replace(
                        i + 3, 1, 1, ';');  // replace special character with ;
                    i += 3;                 // skip to next char to check
                }
                else  //double escape
                {
                    inString.insert(
                        i,
                        (inString[i] == '<')
                            ? "&amp;lt"
                            : "&amp;gt");  // insert HTML name before special character
                    inString.replace(
                        i + 7, 1, 1, ';');  // replace special character with ;
                    i += 7;                 // skip to next char to check
                }
            }
            else if(inString[i] >= char(161) &&
                    inString[i] <= char(255))  // printable special characters
            {
                sprintf(htmlTmp, "&#%3.3d", inString[i]);
                inString.insert(i, std::string(htmlTmp));  // insert html number sequence
                inString.replace(i + 5, 1, 1, ';');  // replace special character with ;
                i += 5;                              // skip to next char to check
            }
 
            __COUTS__(TLVL_EscapeString) << inString << std::endl;
 
            ws = i;  // last non white space char
        }
        else if(allowWhiteSpace)  // keep white space if allowed
        {
            if(i - 1 == ws)
                continue;  // dont do anything for first white space
 
            // for second white space add 2, and 1 from then
            if(0 && i - 2 == ws)
            {
                inString.insert(i, "&#160;");  // insert html space
                i += 6;                        // skip to point at space again
            }
            inString.insert(i, "&#160");         // insert html space
            inString.replace(i + 5, 1, 1, ';');  // replace special character with ;
            i += 5;                              // skip to next char to check
                                                 // ws = i;
        }
 
    __COUTS__(TLVL_EscapeString) << inString.size() << " " << ws << std::endl;
 
    // inString.substr(0,ws+1);
 
    __COUTS__(TLVL_EscapeString) << inString.size() << " " << inString << std::endl;
 
    if(allowWhiteSpace)  // keep all white space
        return inString;
    // else trim trailing white space
 
    if(ws == (unsigned int)-1)
        return "";                      // empty std::string since all white space
    return inString.substr(0, ws + 1);  // trim right white space
}  // end escapeString()
 
//==============================================================================
std::string StringMacros::escapeJSONStringEntities(const std::string& str)
{
    unsigned int sz = str.size();
    if(!sz)
        return "";  // empty string, returns empty string
 
    std::string retStr = "";
    retStr.reserve(str.size() * 2);  // reserve roughly right size
    for(unsigned int i = 0; i < sz; ++i)
    {
        switch(str[i])
        {
        case '\n':
            retStr += "\\n";
            break;
        case '"':
            retStr += "\\\"";
            break;
        case '\t':
            retStr += "\\t";
            break;
        case '\r':
            retStr += "\\r";
            break;
        case '\\':
            retStr += "\\\\";
            break;
        default:
            retStr += str[i];
        }
    }
    return retStr;
}  //end escapeJSONStringEntities
 
//==============================================================================
std::string StringMacros::restoreJSONStringEntities(const std::string& str)
{
    unsigned int sz = str.size();
    if(!sz)
        return "";  // empty string, returns empty string
 
    std::string retStr = "";
    retStr.reserve(str.size());  // reserve roughly right size
    unsigned int i = 0;
    for(; i < sz - 1; ++i)
    {
        if(str[i] == '\\')  // if 2 char escape sequence, replace with char
            switch(str[i + 1])
            {
            case 'n':
                retStr += '\n';
                ++i;
                break;
            case '"':
                retStr += '"';
                ++i;
                break;
            case 't':
                retStr += '\t';
                ++i;
                break;
            case 'r':
                retStr += '\r';
                ++i;
                break;
            case '\\':
                retStr += '\\';
                ++i;
                break;
            default:
                retStr += str[i];
            }
        else
            retStr += str[i];
    }
    if(i == sz - 1)
        retStr += str[sz - 1];  // output last character (which can't escape anything)
 
    return retStr;
}  // end restoreJSONStringEntities()
 
//==============================================================================
const std::string& StringMacros::trim(std::string& s)
{
    // remove leading whitespace
    s.erase(s.begin(), std::find_if(s.begin(), s.end(), [](unsigned char ch) {
                return !std::isspace(ch);
            }));
 
    // remove trailing whitespace
    s.erase(std::find_if(
                s.rbegin(), s.rend(), [](unsigned char ch) { return !std::isspace(ch); })
                .base(),
            s.end());
 
    return s;
}  // end trim()
 
//==============================================================================
std::string StringMacros::convertEnvironmentVariables(const std::string& data)
{
    size_t begin = data.find("$");
    if(begin != std::string::npos && begin + 1 < data.size())
    {
        size_t      end;
        std::string envVariable;
        std::string converted  = data;   // make copy to modify
        bool        usedBraces = false;  // track if braces were used
 
        while(begin && begin != std::string::npos &&
              converted[begin - 1] ==
                  '\\')  //do not convert environment variables with escaped \$
        {
            converted.replace(begin - 1, 1, "");
            begin = converted.find("$", begin + 1);  //find next
            if(begin == std::string::npos)
            {
                __COUTS__(TLVL_EnvSub)
                    << "Only found escaped $'s that will not be converted: " << converted
                    << __E__;
                return converted;
            }
        }
 
        // check if using $(( )) arithmetic expansion syntax
        // First expand any $-based variables (including OTS system variables),
        // then evaluate the arithmetic expression using getNumber() (requires explicit $ for variables, e.g., $A-$B)
        if(begin + 2 < data.size() && data[begin + 1] == '(' && data[begin + 2] == '(')
        {
            end = data.find("))", begin + 3);
            if(end == std::string::npos)
            {
                __SS__ << "Arithmetic expansion '$((...)),' at pos " << begin
                       << " in value, is missing closing '))'! Here was the value: "
                       << data << __E__;
                __SS_THROW__;
            }
 
            std::string expression = data.substr(begin + 3, end - begin - 3);
            __COUTVS__(TLVL_EnvMath, expression);
 
            // Expand $VAR and ${OTS.*.*} inside the expression
            expression = convertEnvironmentVariables(expression);
            __COUTVS__(TLVL_EnvMath, expression);
 
            int64_t result;
 
            bool isNumber = getNumber(expression, result);
            if(!isNumber)
            {
                __SS__ << "Arithmetic expansion '$((...)),' at pos " << begin
                       << " in value, does not evaluate to a number! Here was the value: "
                       << data << __E__;
                __SS_THROW__;
            }
 
            __COUTS__(TLVL_EnvMath) << "Arithmetic result: " << result << __E__;
 
            // proceed recursively, replacing $((...)) with the result
            return convertEnvironmentVariables(
                converted.replace(begin, end - begin + 2, std::to_string(result)));
        }
        else if(data[begin + 1] == '{')  // check if using ${NAME} syntax
        {
            end         = data.find("}", begin + 2);
            envVariable = data.substr(begin + 2, end - begin - 2);
            ++end;  // replace the closing } too!
            usedBraces = true;
        }
        else  // else using $NAME syntax
        {
            // end is first non environment variable character
            for(end = begin + 1; end < data.size(); ++end)
                if(!((data[end] >= '0' && data[end] <= '9') ||
                     (data[end] >= 'A' && data[end] <= 'Z') ||
                     (data[end] >= 'a' && data[end] <= 'z') || data[end] == '-' ||
                     data[end] == '_' || data[end] == '.' || data[end] == ':'))
                    break;  // found end
            envVariable = data.substr(begin + 1, end - begin - 1);
            usedBraces  = false;
        }
        __COUTVS__(TLVL_EnvSub, data);
        __COUTVS__(TLVL_EnvSub, envVariable);
        if(usedBraces && envVariable.starts_with("OTS."))
        {
            __COUTS__(TLVL_EnvSub) << "OTS system variable detected!" << __E__;
            auto sysVarSplit = StringMacros::getVectorFromString(envVariable, {'.'});
            __COUTVS__(TLVL_EnvSub, StringMacros::vectorToString(sysVarSplit));
 
            if(sysVarSplit.size() != 3 ||
               systemVariables_.find(sysVarSplit[1]) == systemVariables_.end() ||
               systemVariables_.at(sysVarSplit[1]).find(sysVarSplit[2]) ==
                   systemVariables_.at(sysVarSplit[1]).end())
            {
                __SS__
                    << "System variable ${" << envVariable
                    << "} is not valid or was not found!"
                    << "\n\n"
                    << "If you were trying to access an ots System Variable, the correct "
                       "syntax is "
                    << "${OTS.<variable>.<property>}, e.g. "
                       "${OTS.ActiveStateMachine.name}"
                    << "\n\n"
                    << "If you were trying to insert an arithmetic operation, the "
                       "correct "
                       "syntax is $((4 - 3)) or $(($ENVVAR1 - $ENVVAR2))"
                    << "\n\n"
                    << "Available system variables:" << __E__;
 
                // Print all available system variables
                for(const auto& varPair : systemVariables_)
                {
                    ss << "\n  OTS." << varPair.first << ".*";
                    for(const auto& propPair : varPair.second)
                        ss << "\n    - OTS." << varPair.first << "." << propPair.first;
                }
                ss << __E__;
                __SS_THROW__;
            }
            //else successful
            // proceed recursively
            return convertEnvironmentVariables(converted.replace(
                begin,
                end - begin,
                systemVariables_.at(sysVarSplit[1]).at(sysVarSplit[2])));
        }
        else
        {
            char* envResult = nullptr;
            try
            {
                envResult = __ENV__(envVariable.c_str());
            }
            catch(const std::runtime_error& e)
            {
                __SS__
                    << ("The environmental variable '" + envVariable +
                        "' is not set! Please make sure you set it before continuing!" +
                        "\n\n" +
                        "If you were trying to access an ots System Variable, the "
                        "correct syntax is " +
                        "${OTS.<variable>.<property>}, e.g. "
                        "${OTS.ActiveStateMachine.name}")
                    << __E__;
                ss << "\n" << e.what() << __E__;
                __SS_ONLY_THROW__;
            }
 
            // proceed recursively
            return convertEnvironmentVariables(
                converted.replace(begin, end - begin, envResult));
        }
    }
    // else no environment variables found in string
    __COUTS__(TLVL_EnvSub) << "Result: " << data << __E__;
    return data;
}  //end convertEnvironmentVariables()
 
//==============================================================================
bool StringMacros::isNumber(const std::string& s)
{
    // extract set of potential numbers and operators
    std::vector<std::string> numbers;
    std::vector<char>        ops;
 
    if(!s.size())
        return false;
 
    StringMacros::getVectorFromString(
        s,
        numbers,
        /*delimiter*/ std::set<char>({'+', '-', '*', '/'}),
        /*whitespace*/ std::set<char>({' ', '\t', '\n', '\r'}),
        &ops);
 
    //__COUTV__(StringMacros::vectorToString(numbers));
    //__COUTV__(StringMacros::vectorToString(ops));
 
    for(const auto& number : numbers)
    {
        if(number.size() == 0)
            continue;  // skip empty numbers
 
        if(number.find("0x") == 0)  // indicates hex
        {
            //__COUT__ << "0x found" << std::endl;
            for(unsigned int i = 2; i < number.size(); ++i)
            {
                if(!((number[i] >= '0' && number[i] <= '9') ||
                     (number[i] >= 'A' && number[i] <= 'F') ||
                     (number[i] >= 'a' && number[i] <= 'f')))
                {
                    //__COUT__ << "prob " << number[i] << std::endl;
                    return false;
                }
            }
            // return std::regex_match(number.substr(2), std::regex("^[0-90-9a-fA-F]+"));
        }
        else if(number[0] == 'b')  // indicates binary
        {
            //__COUT__ << "b found" << std::endl;
 
            for(unsigned int i = 1; i < number.size(); ++i)
            {
                if(!((number[i] >= '0' && number[i] <= '1')))
                {
                    //__COUT__ << "prob " << number[i] << std::endl;
                    return false;
                }
            }
        }
        else
        {
            //__COUT__ << "base 10 " << std::endl;
            for(unsigned int i = 0; i < number.size(); ++i)
                if(!((number[i] >= '0' && number[i] <= '9') || number[i] == '.' ||
                     number[i] == '+' || number[i] == '-'))
                    return false;
            // Note: std::regex crashes in unresolvable ways (says Ryan.. also, stop using
            // libraries)  return std::regex_match(s,
            // std::regex("^(\\-|\\+)?[0-9]*(\\.[0-9]+)?"));
        }
    }
 
    //__COUT__ << "yes " << std::endl;
 
    // all numbers are numbers
    return true;
}  // end isNumber()
 
//==============================================================================
std::string StringMacros::getNumberType(const std::string& s)
{
    // extract set of potential numbers and operators
    std::vector<std::string> numbers;
    std::vector<char>        ops;
 
    bool hasDecimal = false;
 
    StringMacros::getVectorFromString(
        s,
        numbers,
        /*delimiter*/ std::set<char>({'+', '-', '*', '/'}),
        /*whitespace*/ std::set<char>({' ', '\t', '\n', '\r'}),
        &ops);
 
    //__COUTV__(StringMacros::vectorToString(numbers));
    //__COUTV__(StringMacros::vectorToString(ops));
 
    for(const auto& number : numbers)
    {
        if(number.size() == 0)
            continue;  // skip empty numbers
 
        if(number.find("0x") == 0)  // indicates hex
        {
            //__COUT__ << "0x found" << std::endl;
            for(unsigned int i = 2; i < number.size(); ++i)
            {
                if(!((number[i] >= '0' && number[i] <= '9') ||
                     (number[i] >= 'A' && number[i] <= 'F') ||
                     (number[i] >= 'a' && number[i] <= 'f')))
                {
                    //__COUT__ << "prob " << number[i] << std::endl;
                    return "nan";
                }
            }
            // return std::regex_match(number.substr(2), std::regex("^[0-90-9a-fA-F]+"));
        }
        else if(number[0] == 'b')  // indicates binary
        {
            //__COUT__ << "b found" << std::endl;
 
            for(unsigned int i = 1; i < number.size(); ++i)
            {
                if(!((number[i] >= '0' && number[i] <= '1')))
                {
                    //__COUT__ << "prob " << number[i] << std::endl;
                    return "nan";
                }
            }
        }
        else
        {
            //__COUT__ << "base 10 " << std::endl;
            for(unsigned int i = 0; i < number.size(); ++i)
                if(!((number[i] >= '0' && number[i] <= '9') || number[i] == '.' ||
                     number[i] == '+' || number[i] == '-'))
                    return "nan";
                else if(number[i] == '.')
                    hasDecimal = true;
            // Note: std::regex crashes in unresolvable ways (says Ryan.. also, stop using
            // libraries)  return std::regex_match(s,
            // std::regex("^(\\-|\\+)?[0-9]*(\\.[0-9]+)?"));
        }
    }
 
    //__COUT__ << "yes " << std::endl;
 
    // all numbers are numbers
    if(hasDecimal)
        return "double";
    return "unsigned long long";
}  // end getNumberType()
 
//==============================================================================
// static template function
bool StringMacros::getNumber(const std::string& s, bool& retValue)
{
    if(s.size() < 1)
    {
        __COUT_ERR__ << "Invalid empty bool string " << s << __E__;
        return false;
    }
 
    // check true case
    if(s.find("1") != std::string::npos || s == "true" || s == "True" || s == "TRUE")
    {
        retValue = true;
        return true;
    }
 
    // check false case
    if(s.find("0") != std::string::npos || s == "false" || s == "False" || s == "FALSE")
    {
        retValue = false;
        return true;
    }
 
    __COUT_ERR__ << "Invalid bool string " << s << __E__;
    return false;
 
}  // end static getNumber<bool>
 
//==============================================================================
std::string StringMacros::getTimestampString(const std::string& linuxTimeInSeconds)
{
    time_t timestamp(strtol(linuxTimeInSeconds.c_str(), 0, 10));
    return getTimestampString(timestamp);
}  // end getTimestampString()
 
//==============================================================================
std::string StringMacros::getTimestampString(const time_t linuxTimeInSeconds)
{
    return ots::TimestampString().get(linuxTimeInSeconds);
}  // end getTimestampString()
 
//==============================================================================
std::string StringMacros::getTimeDurationString(time_t t)
{
    //e.g., used by CoreSupervisorBase::getStatusProgressDetail(void)
 
    std::stringstream ss;
    int               days = t / 60 / 60 / 24;
    if(days > 0)
    {
        ss << days << " day" << (days > 1 ? "s" : "") << ", ";
        t -= days * 60 * 60 * 24;
    }
 
    //HH:MM:SS
    ss << std::setw(2) << std::setfill('0') << (t / 60 / 60) << ":" << std::setw(2)
       << std::setfill('0') << ((t % (60 * 60)) / 60) << ":" << std::setw(2)
       << std::setfill('0') << (t % 60);
    return ss.str();
}  //end getTimeDurationString()
 
//==============================================================================
std::string StringMacros::validateValueForDefaultStringDataType(
    const std::string& value, bool doConvertEnvironmentVariables)
try
{
    return doConvertEnvironmentVariables
               ? StringMacros::convertEnvironmentVariables(value)
               : value;
}
catch(const std::runtime_error& e)
{
    __SS__ << "Failed to validate value for default string data type. " << __E__
           << e.what() << __E__;
    __SS_THROW__;
}
 
//==============================================================================
void StringMacros::getSetFromString(const std::string&     inputString,
                                    std::set<std::string>& setToReturn,
                                    const std::set<char>&  delimiter,
                                    const std::set<char>&  whitespace)
{
    unsigned int i = 0;
    unsigned int j = 0;
 
    // go through the full string extracting elements
    // add each found element to set
    for(; j < inputString.size(); ++j)
        if((whitespace.find(inputString[j]) !=
                whitespace.end() ||  // ignore leading white space or delimiter
            delimiter.find(inputString[j]) != delimiter.end()) &&
           i == j)
            ++i;
        else if((whitespace.find(inputString[j]) !=
                     whitespace
                         .end() ||  // trailing white space or delimiter indicates end
                 delimiter.find(inputString[j]) != delimiter.end()) &&
                i != j)  // assume end of element
        {
            //__COUT__ << "Set element found: " <<
            //      inputString.substr(i,j-i) << std::endl;
 
            setToReturn.emplace(inputString.substr(i, j - i));
 
            // setup i and j for next find
            i = j + 1;
        }
 
    if(i != j)  // last element check (for case when no concluding ' ' or delimiter)
        setToReturn.emplace(inputString.substr(i, j - i));
}  // end getSetFromString()
 
//==============================================================================
void StringMacros::getVectorFromString(const std::string&        inputString,
                                       std::vector<std::string>& listToReturn,
                                       const std::set<char>&     delimiter,
                                       const std::set<char>&     whitespace,
                                       std::vector<char>*        listOfDelimiters,
                                       bool                      decodeURIComponents)
{
    unsigned int             i = 0;
    unsigned int             j = 0;
    unsigned int             c = 0;
    std::set<char>::iterator delimeterSearchIt;
    char                     lastDelimiter = 0;
    bool                     isDelimiter;
    // bool foundLeadingDelimiter = false;
 
    //__COUT__ << inputString << __E__;
    //__COUTV__(inputString.length());
 
    // go through the full string extracting elements
    // add each found element to set
    for(; c < inputString.size(); ++c)
    {
        //__COUT__ << (char)inputString[c] << __E__;
 
        delimeterSearchIt = delimiter.find(inputString[c]);
        isDelimiter       = delimeterSearchIt != delimiter.end();
 
        //__COUT__ << (char)inputString[c] << " " << isDelimiter <<
        //__E__;//char)lastDelimiter << __E__;
 
        if(whitespace.find(inputString[c]) !=
               whitespace.end()  // ignore leading white space
           && i == j)
        {
            ++i;
            ++j;
            // if(isDelimiter)
            //  foundLeadingDelimiter = true;
        }
        else if(whitespace.find(inputString[c]) != whitespace.end() &&
                i != j)  // trailing white space, assume possible end of element
        {
            // do not change j or i
        }
        else if(isDelimiter)  // delimiter is end of element
        {
            //__COUT__ << "Set element found: " <<
            //      inputString.substr(i,j-i) << std::endl;
 
            if(listOfDelimiters && listToReturn.size())  // || foundLeadingDelimiter))
                                                         // //accept leading delimiter
                                                         // (especially for case of
                                                         // leading negative in math
                                                         // parsing)
            {
                //__COUTV__(lastDelimiter);
                listOfDelimiters->push_back(lastDelimiter);
            }
            listToReturn.push_back(decodeURIComponents ? StringMacros::decodeURIComponent(
                                                             inputString.substr(i, j - i))
                                                       : inputString.substr(i, j - i));
 
            // setup i and j for next find
            i = c + 1;
            j = c + 1;
        }
        else  // part of element, so move j, not i
            j = c + 1;
 
        if(isDelimiter)
            lastDelimiter = *delimeterSearchIt;
        //__COUTV__(lastDelimiter);
    }
 
    if(1)  // i != j) //last element check (for case when no concluding ' ' or delimiter)
    {
        //__COUT__ << "Last element found: " <<
        //      inputString.substr(i,j-i) << std::endl;
 
        if(listOfDelimiters && listToReturn.size())  // || foundLeadingDelimiter))
                                                     // //accept leading delimiter
                                                     // (especially for case of leading
                                                     // negative in math parsing)
        {
            //__COUTV__(lastDelimiter);
            listOfDelimiters->push_back(lastDelimiter);
        }
        listToReturn.push_back(decodeURIComponents ? StringMacros::decodeURIComponent(
                                                         inputString.substr(i, j - i))
                                                   : inputString.substr(i, j - i));
    }
 
    // assert that there is one less delimiter than values
    if(listOfDelimiters && listToReturn.size() - 1 != listOfDelimiters->size() &&
       listToReturn.size() != listOfDelimiters->size())
    {
        __SS__ << "There is a mismatch in delimiters to entries (should be equal or one "
                  "less delimiter): "
               << listOfDelimiters->size() << " vs " << listToReturn.size() << __E__
               << "Entries: " << StringMacros::vectorToString(listToReturn) << __E__
               << "Delimiters: " << StringMacros::vectorToString(*listOfDelimiters)
               << __E__;
        __SS_THROW__;
    }
 
}  // end getVectorFromString()
 
//==============================================================================
std::vector<std::string> StringMacros::getVectorFromString(
    const std::string&    inputString,
    const std::set<char>& delimiter,
    const std::set<char>& whitespace,
    std::vector<char>*    listOfDelimiters,
    bool                  decodeURIComponents)
{
    std::vector<std::string> listToReturn;
 
    StringMacros::getVectorFromString(inputString,
                                      listToReturn,
                                      delimiter,
                                      whitespace,
                                      listOfDelimiters,
                                      decodeURIComponents);
    return listToReturn;
}  // end getVectorFromString()
 
//==============================================================================
void StringMacros::getMapFromString(const std::string&                  inputString,
                                    std::map<std::string, std::string>& mapToReturn,
                                    const std::set<char>&               pairPairDelimiter,
                                    const std::set<char>& nameValueDelimiter,
                                    const std::set<char>& whitespace)
try
{
    unsigned int i = 0;
    unsigned int j = 0;
    std::string  name;
    bool         needValue = false;
 
    // go through the full string extracting map pairs
    // add each found pair to map
    for(; j < inputString.size(); ++j)
        if(!needValue)  // finding name
        {
            if((whitespace.find(inputString[j]) !=
                    whitespace.end() ||  // ignore leading white space or delimiter
                pairPairDelimiter.find(inputString[j]) != pairPairDelimiter.end()) &&
               i == j)
                ++i;
            else if((whitespace.find(inputString[j]) !=
                         whitespace
                             .end() ||  // trailing white space or delimiter indicates end
                     nameValueDelimiter.find(inputString[j]) !=
                         nameValueDelimiter.end()) &&
                    i != j)  // assume end of map name
            {
                //__COUT__ << "Map name found: " <<
                //      inputString.substr(i,j-i) << std::endl;
 
                name = inputString.substr(i, j - i);  // save name, for concluding pair
 
                needValue = true;  // need value now
 
                // setup i and j for next find
                i = j + 1;
            }
        }
        else  // finding value
        {
            if((whitespace.find(inputString[j]) !=
                    whitespace.end() ||  // ignore leading white space or delimiter
                nameValueDelimiter.find(inputString[j]) != nameValueDelimiter.end()) &&
               i == j)
                ++i;
            else if(whitespace.find(inputString[j]) !=
                        whitespace
                            .end() ||  // trailing white space or delimiter indicates end
                    pairPairDelimiter.find(inputString[j]) !=
                        pairPairDelimiter.end())  // &&
                                                  //  i != j)  // assume end of value name
            {
                //__COUT__ << "Map value found: " <<
                //      inputString.substr(i,j-i) << std::endl;
 
                auto /*pair<it,success>*/ emplaceReturn =
                    mapToReturn.emplace(std::pair<std::string, std::string>(
                        name,
                        validateValueForDefaultStringDataType(
                            inputString.substr(i, j - i))  // value
                        ));
 
                if(!emplaceReturn.second)
                {
                    __COUT__ << "Ignoring repetitive value ('"
                             << inputString.substr(i, j - i)
                             << "') and keeping current value ('"
                             << emplaceReturn.first->second << "'). " << __E__;
                }
 
                needValue = false;  // need name now
 
                // setup i and j for next find
                i = j + 1;
            }
        }
 
    if(i != j)  // last value (for case when no concluding ' ' or delimiter)
    {
        auto /*pair<it,success>*/ emplaceReturn =
            mapToReturn.emplace(std::pair<std::string, std::string>(
                name,
                validateValueForDefaultStringDataType(
                    inputString.substr(i, j - i))  // value
                ));
 
        if(!emplaceReturn.second)
        {
            __COUT__ << "Ignoring repetitive value ('" << inputString.substr(i, j - i)
                     << "') and keeping current value ('" << emplaceReturn.first->second
                     << "'). " << __E__;
        }
    }
}  // end getMapFromString()
catch(const std::runtime_error& e)
{
    __SS__ << "Error while extracting a map from the string '" << inputString
           << "'... is it a valid map?" << __E__ << e.what() << __E__;
    __SS_THROW__;
}
 
//==============================================================================
std::string StringMacros::mapToString(const std::map<std::string, uint8_t>& mapToReturn,
                                      const std::string& primaryDelimeter,
                                      const std::string& secondaryDelimeter)
{
    std::stringstream ss;
    bool              first = true;
    for(auto& mapPair : mapToReturn)
    {
        if(first)
            first = false;
        else
            ss << primaryDelimeter;
        ss << mapPair.first << secondaryDelimeter << (unsigned int)mapPair.second;
    }
    return ss.str();
}  // end mapToString()
 
//==============================================================================
std::string StringMacros::setToString(const std::set<uint8_t>& setToReturn,
                                      const std::string&       delimeter)
{
    std::stringstream ss;
    bool              first = true;
    for(auto& setValue : setToReturn)
    {
        if(first)
            first = false;
        else
            ss << delimeter;
        ss << (unsigned int)setValue;
    }
    return ss.str();
}  // end setToString()
 
//==============================================================================
std::string StringMacros::vectorToString(const std::vector<uint8_t>& setToReturn,
                                         const std::string&          delimeter)
{
    std::stringstream ss;
    bool              first = true;
    if(delimeter == "\n")
        ss << "\n";  //add initial new line if new line delimiting
    for(auto& setValue : setToReturn)
    {
        if(first)
            first = false;
        else
            ss << delimeter;
        ss << (unsigned int)setValue;
    }
    return ss.str();
}  // end vectorToString()
 
//==============================================================================
bool StringMacros::extractCommonChunks(const std::vector<std::string>& haystack,
                                       std::vector<std::string>& commonChunksToReturn,
                                       std::vector<std::string>& wildcardStringsToReturn,
                                       unsigned int&             fixedWildcardLength)
{
    fixedWildcardLength = 0;  // init to default
    __COUTTV__(StringMacros::vectorToString(haystack));
 
    // Steps:
    //  - find start and end common chunks first in haystack strings
    //  - use start and end to determine if there is more than one *
    //  - decide if fixed width was specified (based on prepended 0s to numbers)
    //  - search for more instances of * value
    //
    //
    //  // Note: lambda recursive function to find chunks
    //  std::function<void(
    //          const std::vector<std::string>&,
    //          const std::string&,
    //          const unsigned int, const int)> localRecurse =
    //      [&specialFolders, &specialMapTypes, &retMap, &localRecurse](
    //              const std::vector<std::string>& haystack,
    //          const std::string& offsetPath,
    //          const unsigned int depth,
    //          const int specialIndex)
    //          {
    //
    //          //__COUTV__(path);
    //          //__COUTV__(depth);
    //  }
    std::pair<unsigned int /*lo*/, unsigned int /*hi*/> wildcardBounds(
        std::make_pair(-1, 0));  // initialize to illegal wildcard
 
    // look for starting matching segment
    for(unsigned int n = 1; n < haystack.size(); ++n)
        for(unsigned int i = 0, j = 0;
            i < haystack[0].length() && j < haystack[n].length();
            ++i, ++j)
        {
            if(i < wildcardBounds.first)
            {
                if(haystack[0][i] != haystack[n][j])
                {
                    wildcardBounds.first = i;  // found lo side of wildcard
                    break;
                }
            }
            else
                break;
        }
    __COUTS__(3) << "Low side = " << wildcardBounds.first << " "
                 << haystack[0].substr(0, wildcardBounds.first) << __E__;
 
    // look for end matching segment
    for(unsigned int n = 1; n < haystack.size(); ++n)
        for(int i = haystack[0].length() - 1, j = haystack[n].length() - 1;
            i >= (int)wildcardBounds.first && j >= (int)wildcardBounds.first;
            --i, --j)
        {
            if(i > (int)wildcardBounds.second)  // looking for hi side
            {
                if(haystack[0][i] != haystack[n][j])
                {
                    wildcardBounds.second = i + 1;  // found hi side of wildcard
                    break;
                }
            }
            else
                break;
        }
 
    __COUTS__(3) << "High side = " << wildcardBounds.second << " "
                 << haystack[0].substr(wildcardBounds.second) << __E__;
 
    // add first common chunk
    commonChunksToReturn.push_back(haystack[0].substr(0, wildcardBounds.first));
 
    if(wildcardBounds.first != (unsigned int)-1)  // potentially more chunks if not end
    {
        //  - use start and end to determine if there is more than one *
        for(int i = (wildcardBounds.first + wildcardBounds.second) / 2 + 1;
            i < (int)wildcardBounds.second;
            ++i)
            if(haystack[0][wildcardBounds.first] == haystack[0][i] &&
               haystack[0].substr(wildcardBounds.first, wildcardBounds.second - i) ==
                   haystack[0].substr(i, wildcardBounds.second - i))
            {
                std::string multiWildcardString =
                    haystack[0].substr(i, wildcardBounds.second - i);
                __COUT__ << "Potential multi-wildcard found: " << multiWildcardString
                         << " at position i=" << i << __E__;
 
                std::vector<unsigned int /*lo index*/> wildCardInstances;
                // add front one now, and back one later
                wildCardInstances.push_back(wildcardBounds.first);
 
                unsigned int offset =
                    wildCardInstances[0] + multiWildcardString.size() + 1;
                std::string middleString = haystack[0].substr(offset, (i - 1) - offset);
                __COUTV__(middleString);
 
                // search for more wildcard instances in new common area
                size_t k;
                while((k = middleString.find(multiWildcardString)) != std::string::npos)
                {
                    __COUT__ << "Multi-wildcard found at " << k << __E__;
 
                    wildCardInstances.push_back(offset + k);
 
                    middleString =
                        middleString.substr(k + multiWildcardString.size() + 1);
                    offset += k + multiWildcardString.size() + 1;
                    __COUTV__(middleString);
                }
 
                // add back one last
                wildCardInstances.push_back(i);
 
                for(unsigned int w = 0; w < wildCardInstances.size() - 1; ++w)
                {
                    __COUTV__(wildCardInstances[w]);
                    __COUTV__(wildCardInstances[w + 1]);
                    __COUTV__(wildCardInstances.size());
                    commonChunksToReturn.push_back(haystack[0].substr(
                        wildCardInstances[w] + multiWildcardString.size(),
                        wildCardInstances[w + 1] -
                            (wildCardInstances[w] + multiWildcardString.size())));
                }
            }
 
        __COUTTV__(StringMacros::vectorToString(commonChunksToReturn));
        //confirm valid multi-commonChunksToReturn for all haystack entries (only first can be certain at this point)
        for(unsigned int c = 1; c < commonChunksToReturn.size(); ++c)
        {
            __COUT__ << "Checking [" << c << "]: " << commonChunksToReturn[c] << __E__;
            for(unsigned int n = 1; n < haystack.size(); ++n)
            {
                __COUT__ << "Checking chunks work with haystack [" << n
                         << "]: " << haystack[n] << __E__;
                __COUTV__(commonChunksToReturn[0].size());
                std::string wildCardValue = haystack[n].substr(
                    commonChunksToReturn[0].size(),
                    haystack[n].find(commonChunksToReturn[1],
                                     commonChunksToReturn[0].size() + 1) -
                        commonChunksToReturn[0].size());
                __COUTTV__(wildCardValue);
 
                std::string builtString = "";
                for(unsigned int cc = 0; cc < commonChunksToReturn.size(); ++cc)
                    builtString += commonChunksToReturn[cc] + wildCardValue;
                __COUTTV__(builtString);
                __COUTTV__(wildCardValue);
 
                if(haystack[n].find(builtString) != 0)
                {
                    __COUT__ << "Dropping common chunk " << commonChunksToReturn[c]
                             << ", built '" << builtString << "' not found in "
                             << haystack[n] << __E__;
                    commonChunksToReturn.erase(commonChunksToReturn.begin() + c);
                    --c;    //rewind
                    break;  //check next chunk
                }
                else
                    __COUTT__ << "Found built '" << builtString << "' in " << haystack[n]
                              << __E__;
            }  //end haystack loop
        }      //end common chunk loop
 
        __COUTTV__(StringMacros::vectorToString(commonChunksToReturn));
        __COUTTV__(commonChunksToReturn[0].size());
 
        __COUTTV__(fixedWildcardLength);
        // check if all common chunks END in 0 to add fixed length
        for(unsigned int i = 0; i < commonChunksToReturn[0].size(); ++i)
            if(commonChunksToReturn[0][commonChunksToReturn[0].size() - 1 - i] == '0')
            {
                ++fixedWildcardLength;
                __COUTT__ << "Trying for added fixed length +1 to " << fixedWildcardLength
                          << __E__;
            }
            else
                break;
 
        // bool allHave0 = true;
        for(unsigned int c = 0; c < commonChunksToReturn.size(); ++c)
        {
            unsigned int cnt = 0;
            for(unsigned int i = 0; i < commonChunksToReturn[c].size(); ++i)
                if(commonChunksToReturn[c][commonChunksToReturn[c].size() - 1 - i] == '0')
                    ++cnt;
                else
                    break;
 
            if(fixedWildcardLength < cnt)
                fixedWildcardLength = cnt;
            else if(fixedWildcardLength > cnt)
            {
                __SS__ << "Invalid fixed length found, please simplify indexing between "
                          "these common chunks: "
                       << StringMacros::vectorToString(commonChunksToReturn) << __E__;
                __SS_THROW__;
            }
        }
        __COUTTV__(fixedWildcardLength);
 
        if(fixedWildcardLength)  // take trailing 0s out of common chunks
            for(unsigned int c = 0; c < commonChunksToReturn.size(); ++c)
                commonChunksToReturn[c] = commonChunksToReturn[c].substr(
                    0, commonChunksToReturn[c].size() - fixedWildcardLength);
 
        // add last common chunk
        commonChunksToReturn.push_back(haystack[0].substr(wildcardBounds.second));
    }  // end handling more chunks
    __COUTTV__(StringMacros::vectorToString(commonChunksToReturn));
 
    // now determine wildcard strings
    size_t       k;
    unsigned int i;
    unsigned int ioff                 = fixedWildcardLength;
    bool         wildcardsNeeded      = false;
    bool         someLeadingZeros     = false;
    bool         allWildcardsSameSize = true;
 
    for(unsigned int n = 0; n < haystack.size(); ++n)
    {
        std::string wildcard = "";
        k                    = 0;
        i                    = ioff + commonChunksToReturn[0].size();
 
        if(commonChunksToReturn.size() == 1)  // just get end
            wildcard = haystack[n].substr(i);
        else
            for(unsigned int c = 1; c < commonChunksToReturn.size(); ++c)
            {
                if(c == commonChunksToReturn.size() - 1)  // for last, do reverse find
                    k = haystack[n].rfind(commonChunksToReturn[c]);
                else
                    k = haystack[n].find(commonChunksToReturn[c], i + 1);
 
                if(wildcard == "")
                {
                    // set wildcard for first time
                    __COUTVS__(3, i);
                    __COUTVS__(3, k);
                    __COUTVS__(3, k - i);
 
                    wildcard = haystack[n].substr(i, k - i);
                    if(fixedWildcardLength && n == 0)
                        fixedWildcardLength += wildcard.size();
 
                    __COUTS__(3) << "name[" << n << "] = " << wildcard << " fixed @ "
                                 << fixedWildcardLength << __E__;
 
                    break;
                }
                else if(0 /*skip validation in favor of speed*/ &&
                        wildcard != haystack[n].substr(i, k - i))
                {
                    __SS__ << "Invalid wildcard! for name[" << n << "] = " << haystack[n]
                           << " - the extraction algorithm is confused, please simplify "
                              "your naming convention."
                           << __E__;
                    __SS_THROW__;
                }
 
                i = k;
            }  // end commonChunksToReturn loop
 
        if(wildcard.size())
        {
            wildcardsNeeded = true;
 
            //track if need for leading 0s in wildcards
            if(wildcard[0] == '0' && !fixedWildcardLength)
            {
                someLeadingZeros = true;
                if(wildcardStringsToReturn.size() &&
                   wildcard.size() != wildcardStringsToReturn[0].size())
                    allWildcardsSameSize = false;
            }
        }
        wildcardStringsToReturn.push_back(wildcard);
 
    }  // end name loop
 
    __COUTTV__(StringMacros::vectorToString(commonChunksToReturn));
    __COUTTV__(StringMacros::vectorToString(wildcardStringsToReturn));
 
    if(someLeadingZeros && allWildcardsSameSize)
    {
        __COUTTV__(fixedWildcardLength);  //should be 0 in this case
        fixedWildcardLength = wildcardStringsToReturn[0].size();
        __COUT__ << "Enforce wildcard size of " << fixedWildcardLength << __E__;
    }
 
    if(wildcardStringsToReturn.size() != haystack.size())
    {
        __SS__ << "There was a problem during common chunk extraction!" << __E__;
        __SS_THROW__;
    }
 
    return wildcardsNeeded;
 
}  // end extractCommonChunks()
 
//==============================================================================
bool StringMacros::IgnoreCaseCompareStruct::operator()(const std::string& lhs,
                                                       const std::string& rhs) const
{
    //__COUTV__(lhs);
    //__COUTV__(rhs);
    // return true if lhs < rhs (lhs will be ordered first)
 
    for(unsigned int i = 0; i < lhs.size() && i < rhs.size(); ++i)
    {
        //__COUT__ << i << "\t" << lhs[i] << "\t" << rhs[i] << __E__;
        if((lhs[i] >= 'A' && lhs[i] <= 'Z' && rhs[i] >= 'A' && rhs[i] <= 'Z') ||
           (lhs[i] >= 'a' && lhs[i] <= 'z' && rhs[i] >= 'a' && rhs[i] <= 'z'))
        {  // same case
            if(lhs[i] == rhs[i])
                continue;
            return (lhs[i] < rhs[i]);
            //{ retVal = false; break;} //return false;
        }
        else if(lhs[i] >= 'A' && lhs[i] <= 'Z')  // rhs lower case
        {
            if(lhs[i] + 32 == rhs[i])  // lower case is higher by 32
                return false;          // in tie return lower case first
            return (lhs[i] + 32 < rhs[i]);
        }
        else if(rhs[i] >= 'A' && rhs[i] <= 'Z')
        {
            if(lhs[i] == rhs[i] + 32)  // lower case is higher by 32
                return true;           // in tie return lower case first
            return (lhs[i] < rhs[i] + 32);
        }
        else  // not letters case (should only be for numbers)
        {
            if(lhs[i] == rhs[i])
                continue;
            return (lhs[i] < rhs[i]);
        }
    }  // end case insensitive compare loop
 
    // lhs and rhs are equivalent to character[i], so return false if rhs.size() was the limit reached
    return lhs.size() < rhs.size();
}  // end IgnoreCaseCompareStruct::operator() comparison handler
 
//==============================================================================
std::string StringMacros::exec(const char* cmd)
{
    __COUTTV__(cmd);
 
    std::array<char, 128> buffer;
    std::string           result;
 
    // For capturing both stdout and stderr, we need to redirect stderr to stdout
    // This is done by appending " 2>&1" to the command
    std::string           cmdWithRedirect = std::string(cmd) + " 2>&1";
    std::shared_ptr<FILE> pipe(popen(cmdWithRedirect.c_str(), "r"), pclose);
    if(!pipe)
        __THROW__("popen() failed!");
 
    // Read all output (both stdout and stderr)
    while(!feof(pipe.get()))
    {
        if(fgets(buffer.data(), 128, pipe.get()) != nullptr)
            result += buffer.data();
    }
 
    __COUTTV__(result);
    return result;
}  // end exec()
 
// #include <iostream>
#include <fstream> /* for ifstream */
// #include <sstream>
// #include <string>
// #include <cstdlib>
//==============================================================================
uintptr_t find_library_base(const std::string& libname)
{
    std::ifstream maps("/proc/self/maps");
    std::string   line;
 
    while(std::getline(maps, line))
    {
        if(line.find(libname) != std::string::npos &&
           line.find("r-xp") != std::string::npos)
        {
            uintptr_t         base;
            std::stringstream ss(line);
            ss >> std::hex >> base;
            return base;
        }
    }
    return 0;
}  //end find_library_base()
 
//==============================================================================
void resolve_stack_entry(const std::string& so_path,
                         const std::string& real_name,
                         const std::string& offset_begin,  // e.g. "+0x249d"
                         const std::string& offset_end     // e.g. "[0x7f5518fa28fd]"
)
{
    // Extract runtime address from a string like "[0x....]".
    // Be defensive: validate delimiters before parsing to avoid exceptions.
    const std::size_t pos0x = offset_end.find("0x");
    if(pos0x == std::string::npos)
    {
        __COUTS__(52) << "resolve_stack_entry: could not find \"0x\" in offset_end: '"
                      << offset_end << "'" << __E__;
        return;
    }
 
    const std::size_t posBracket = offset_end.find(']', pos0x);
    if(posBracket == std::string::npos || posBracket < pos0x + 3)
    {
        __COUTS__(52) << "resolve_stack_entry: could not find closing ']' with at least "
                         "one hex digit after \"0x\" "
                         "in offset_end: '"
                      << offset_end << "'" << __E__;
        return;
    }
 
    const std::string addr_str = offset_end.substr(pos0x, posBracket - pos0x);
 
    uintptr_t runtime_addr = 0;
    try
    {
        runtime_addr = std::stoull(addr_str, nullptr, 16);
    }
    catch(const std::exception& e)
    {
        __COUTS__(52) << "resolve_stack_entry: failed to parse runtime address from '"
                      << addr_str << "': " << e.what() << __E__;
        return;
    }
 
    std::string so_name = so_path.substr(so_path.find_last_of('/') + 1);
 
    uintptr_t base = find_library_base(so_name);
    if(!base)
    {
        std::cerr << "Could not find base for " << so_name << "\n";
        return;
    }
 
    uintptr_t file_addr = runtime_addr - base;
 
    std::ostringstream cmd;
    cmd << "addr2line -f -C -e " << so_path << " 0x" << std::hex << file_addr;
 
    __COUT__ << "\nResolving:\n"
             << so_path << " : " << real_name << offset_begin << " [" << std::hex
             << runtime_addr << "]\n\n";
 
    std::string result = StringMacros::exec(cmd.str().c_str());
    __COUTV__(result);
}  //end resolve_stack_entry()
 
//==============================================================================
#include <cxxabi.h>    //for abi::__cxa_demangle
#include <execinfo.h>  //for back trace of stack
// #include "TUnixSystem.h"
std::string StringMacros::stackTrace()
{
    __SS__ << "ots::stackTrace:\n";
 
    void*  array[10];
    size_t size;
 
    // get void*'s for all entries on the stack
    size = backtrace(array, 10);
    // backtrace_symbols_fd(array, size, STDERR_FILENO);
 
    // https://stackoverflow.com/questions/77005/how-to-automatically-generate-a-stacktrace-when-my-program-crashes
    char** messages = backtrace_symbols(array, size);
 
    // skip first stack frame (points here)
    // char syscom[256];
    for(unsigned int i = 1; i < size && messages != NULL; ++i)
    {
        // mangled name needs to be converted to get nice name and line number
        // line number not working... FIXME
 
        //      sprintf(syscom,"addr2line %p -e %s",
        //              array[i],
        //              messages[i]); //last parameter is the name of this app
        //      ss << StringMacros::exec(syscom) << __E__;
        //      system(syscom);
 
        // continue;
 
        char *mangled_name = 0, *offset_begin = 0, *offset_end = 0;
 
        // find parentheses and +address offset surrounding mangled name
        for(char* p = messages[i]; *p; ++p)
        {
            if(*p == '(')
            {
                mangled_name = p;
            }
            else if(*p == '+')
            {
                offset_begin = p;
            }
            else if(*p == ')')
            {
                offset_end = p;
                break;
            }
        }
 
        // if the line could be processed, attempt to demangle the symbol
        if(mangled_name && offset_begin && offset_end && mangled_name < offset_begin)
        {
            *mangled_name++ = '\0';
            *offset_begin++ = '\0';
            *offset_end++   = '\0';
 
            int   status;
            char* real_name = abi::__cxa_demangle(mangled_name, 0, 0, &status);
 
            // if demangling is successful, output the demangled function name
            if(status == 0)
            {
                ss << "[" << i << "] " << messages[i] << " : " << real_name << "+"
                   << offset_begin << offset_end << std::endl;
                // Too slow to resolve lines (stackTrace getting called too much)!
                // resolve_stack_entry(messages[i],real_name,offset_begin,offset_end);
            }
            // otherwise, output the mangled function name
            else
            {
                ss << "[" << i << "] " << messages[i] << " : " << mangled_name << "+"
                   << offset_begin << offset_end << std::endl;
            }
            free(real_name);
        }
        // otherwise, print the whole line
        else
        {
            ss << "[" << i << "] " << messages[i] << std::endl;
        }
    }
    ss << std::endl;
    ss << std::endl;
 
    free(messages);
 
    // call ROOT's stack trace to get line numbers of ALL threads
    // gSystem->StackTrace();
 
    return ss.str();
}  // end stackTrace
 
//==============================================================================
char* StringMacros::otsGetEnvironmentVarable(const char*         name,
                                             const std::string&  location,
                                             const unsigned int& line)
{
    char* environmentVariablePtr = getenv(name);
    if(!environmentVariablePtr)
    {
        __SS__ << "Environment variable '$" << name << "' not defined at " << location
               << ":" << line << __E__;
        ss << "\n\n" << StringMacros::stackTrace() << __E__;
        __SS_ONLY_THROW__;
    }
    return environmentVariablePtr;
}  // end otsGetEnvironmentVarable()
 
//=========================================================================
std::string StringMacros::extractXmlField(const std::string& xml,
                                          const std::string& field,
                                          uint32_t           occurrence,
                                          size_t             after,
                                          size_t* returnFindPos /* = nullptr */,
                                          const std::string& valueField /* = "value=" */,
                                          const std::string& quoteType /* = "'" */)
{
    if(returnFindPos)
        *returnFindPos = std::string::npos;
 
    __COUTVS__(41, xml);
 
    size_t lo, findpos = after, hi;
    for(uint32_t i = 0; i <= occurrence; ++i)
    {
        bool anyFound = false;
        while((findpos =
                   xml.find("<" + field,  //allow for immediate closing of xml tag with >
                            findpos)) != std::string::npos &&
              findpos + 1 + field.size() < xml.size())
        {
            __COUTS__(40) << "find: ---- '<" << field << " findpos=" << findpos
                          << "findpos " << findpos << " " << xml[findpos] << " "
                          << xml[findpos + 1 + field.size()] << " "
                          << (int)xml[findpos + 1 + field.size()] << __E__;
 
            findpos +=
                1 +
                field
                    .size();  //to point to closing white space and advance for next forward search
 
            //verify white space after the field
            if((quoteType == ">" && xml[findpos] == '>') || xml[findpos] == ' ' ||
               xml[findpos] == '\n' || xml[findpos] == '\t')
            {
                anyFound = true;  //flag
                break;
            }
        }
 
        if(!anyFound)
        {
            __COUTS__(40) << "Field '" << field << "' not found" << __E__;
            return "";
        }
    }
 
    lo = xml.find(valueField + quoteType, findpos) + valueField.size() + quoteType.size();
 
    if(TTEST(40) && quoteType.size())
    {
        __COUTS__(40) << "Neighbors of field '" << field << "' and value '" << valueField
                      << "' w/quote = " << quoteType << __E__;
        for(size_t i = lo - valueField.size(); i < lo + 10 && i < xml.size(); ++i)
            __COUTS__(40) << "xml[" << i << "] " << xml[i] << " vs " << quoteType << " ? "
                          << (int)xml[i] << " vs " << (int)quoteType[0] << __E__;
    }
 
    if((hi = xml.find(
            quoteType == ">" ? "<" : quoteType,  //if xml tag, change closing direction
            lo)) == std::string::npos)
    {
        __COUTS__(40) << "Value closing not found" << __E__;
        return "";
    }
 
    if(returnFindPos)
        *returnFindPos = findpos - (1 + field.size());  //remove offset that was added
 
    __COUTS__(40) << "after: " << after << ", findpos: " << findpos << ", hi/lo: " << hi
                  << "/" << lo << ", size: " << xml.size() << __E__;
    __COUTVS__(40, xml.substr(lo, hi - lo));
    return xml.substr(lo, hi - lo);
}  //end extractXmlField()
 
//=========================================================================
std::string StringMacros::rextractXmlField(const std::string& xml,
                                           const std::string& field,
                                           uint32_t           occurrence,
                                           size_t             before,
                                           size_t* returnFindPos /* = nullptr */,
                                           const std::string& valueField /* = "value=" */,
                                           const std::string& quoteType /* = "'" */)
{
    if(returnFindPos)
        *returnFindPos = std::string::npos;
 
    __COUTVS__(41, xml);
 
    size_t lo = 0, hi, findpos = before;
    for(uint32_t i = 0; i <= occurrence; ++i)
    {
        bool anyFound = false;
        while((findpos =
                   xml.rfind("<" + field,  //allow for immediate closing of xml tag with >
                             findpos)) != std::string::npos &&
              findpos + 1 + field.size() < xml.size())
        {
            __COUTS__(40) << "rfind: ---- '<" << field << " findpos=" << findpos << " "
                          << xml[findpos] << " " << xml[findpos + 1 + field.size()] << " "
                          << (int)xml[findpos + 1 + field.size()] << __E__;
 
            findpos += 1 + field.size();
 
            //verify white space after the field
            if((quoteType == ">" && xml[findpos] == '>') || xml[findpos] == ' ' ||
               xml[findpos] == '\n' || xml[findpos] == '\t')
            {
                anyFound = true;  //flag
                break;
            }
            else
                findpos -= 1 + field.size() + 1;  //for next reverse search
        }
        if(!anyFound)
        {
            __COUTS__(40) << "Field '" << field << "' not found" << __E__;
            return "";
        }
    }
 
    lo = xml.find(valueField + quoteType, findpos) + valueField.size() + quoteType.size();
 
    if(TTEST(40) && quoteType.size())
    {
        __COUTS__(40) << "Neighbors?" << __E__;
        for(size_t i = findpos; i < lo + 10 && i < xml.size(); ++i)
            __COUTS__(40) << "xml[" << i << "] " << xml[i] << " vs " << quoteType << " ? "
                          << (int)xml[i] << " vs " << (int)quoteType[0] << __E__;
    }
 
    if((hi = xml.find(
            quoteType == ">" ? "<" : quoteType,  //if xml tag, change closing direction
            lo)) == std::string::npos)
    {
        __COUTS__(40) << "Value closing not found" << __E__;
        return "";
    }
 
    if(returnFindPos)
        *returnFindPos =
            findpos - (1 + field.size());  //return found position of "< + field"
 
    __COUTS__(40) << "before: " << before << ", findpos: " << findpos << ", hi/lo: " << hi
                  << "/" << lo << ", size: " << xml.size() << __E__;
    __COUTVS__(40, xml.substr(lo, hi - lo));
    return xml.substr(lo, hi - lo);
}  //end rextractXmlField()
 
//=========================================================================
void StringMacros::coutSplit(const std::string&    str,
                             uint8_t               lvl /* = 0 */,
                             const std::set<char>& delimiter /* = {',', '\n', ';'} */)
{
    auto splitArr =
        StringMacros::getVectorFromString(str, delimiter, {} /* whitespace */);
    __COUTV__(splitArr.size());
    __COUTVS__(lvl, splitArr.size());
    for(const auto& split : splitArr)
        __COUTS__(lvl) << split;
}  //end coutSplit()
 
#ifdef __GNUG__
#include <cxxabi.h>
#include <cstdlib>
#include <memory>
 
//==============================================================================
std::string StringMacros::demangleTypeName(const char* name)
{
    int status = -4;  // some arbitrary value to eliminate the compiler warning
 
    // enable c++11 by passing the flag -std=c++11 to g++
    std::unique_ptr<char, void (*)(void*)> res{
        abi::__cxa_demangle(name, NULL, NULL, &status), std::free};
 
    return (status == 0) ? res.get() : name;
}  // end demangleTypeName()
 
#else  // does nothing if not g++
//==============================================================================
std::string StringMacros::demangleTypeName(const char* name) { return name; }
#endif